What Is A Histogram?

A Histogram is simply a bar graph. A histogram, in photography, is a graph that displays all of the various tones of an image, on a scale from pure white to pure black. If you captured a properly exposed photo of a grey card, the histogram would be a single "spike" (graph bar) in the center of the graph. If you over-exposed that grey card, the spike would move to the right, towards the white point. If you under-exposed that grey card, the spike would move left, towards the black point.

A photograph which includes all sorts of different tones, such as a blue sky or a green landscape and other subjects, would create a histogram with various bumps and spikes that represent each of the corresponding parts of the image.

What is an RGB Histogram?

Most cameras will display up to four different histograms for an image. One colorless graph which represents all the tones in the entire image together, plus one red, one green, and one blue graph, each representing the image data recorded for that specific color. A bright blue sky, for example, would show up on a histogram as a blue spike towards the right, or highlight side of the histogram.

Histogram clipping

If the graph on the histogram actually touches either the left or right edge of the histogram, then the image data from that highlight or shadow is either "lost", (pure white or black) ...or is, at best, not going to look very good.

RAW Histogram versus JPG Histogram

One mistake that photographers often make is that they assume that when they switch their camera from JPG to RAW, the histogram being displayed is a "raw" histogram. Unfortunately, the histogram being displayed on the camera's LCD is still the same histogram as for a JPG capture.

In order to help the back-of-the-camera histogram to be slightly more accurate to what the raw image will appear like in Adobe Lightroom, for example, a photographer can use their in-camera settings for contrast and "Picture Style" or "Picture Control" to display a more neutral, low-contrast image on the back of the camera, which will more accurately represent how highlights and shadows will behave in post production.