One-Shot Focus Mode Explained

Most professional cameras, Canon or other, have two or three main autofocus "drive" modes. Single-servo focus, continuous-servo focus, and sometimes a hybrid or automatic AF mode that decides for itself which of the previous two modes to use. (Most serious photographers will want to ignore the third focus mode and take control of how their camera autofocuses, unless they find themselves in a very specific situation that actually benefits from the camera making the decision for them.)

One-shot is the name of Canon's version of single-servo focusing, and "AI-servo" is the name of Canon's version of continuous-servo focus mode.

In single-servo focus mode, when you press or half-press the shutter the camera will focus on the subject once, lock that focus, and stay there until you click the picture or until you take your finger off the button.

In AI-servo autofocus, whenever you press or half-press the shutter, the autofocus will continually change focus in order to keep the subject sharp, even if the subject or the photographer are moving.

A Note About Focus Point Selection:

These two main focus modes, AI and One-shot, are mostly separate from the other focus point selection settings, area, or AF point group options. Those separate options allow you to use a single focus point, a cluster of 5-9+ focus points, or all the focus points at once. In other words, most of these focus point selection / area modes can be selected while in either single or continuous AF.

However there are indeed some focus point selection modes that are only available during continuous autofocus, such as dynamic 3-D focus point tracking (Nikon cameras) which automatically moves the focus point around the viewfinder to track the subject you first lock focus on.